āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ:

āϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖ

āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻ•

 

1. $\mathrm{t}=\frac{\mathrm{X}_{\mathrm{t}}-\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{ice}}}{\mathrm{X}_{\text {steam }}-\mathrm{X}_{\mathrm{ice}}} \times \mathrm{n}$

 

2. $\frac{C}{5}=\frac{F-32}{9}=\frac{F-273}{5}=\frac{R-492}{9}$

3. $\theta=\frac{P_{q}-P_{0}}{P_{100}-P_{0}} \times 100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

4.t°C = (273+t)K

5. T = (t+273)

6. $\mathrm{t}=\frac{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{q}}-\mathrm{P}_{0}}{\mathrm{P}_{100}-\mathrm{P}_{0}} \times 100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

7. Rt = Ro (1+Îąt)

8. 1°C = (9/5)°F

9. 1°F = (5/9)°C

10. $\mathrm{t}=\frac{\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{t}}-\mathrm{V}_{0}}{\mathrm{~V}_{100}-\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{o}}} \times 100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

 

11. $\mathrm{t}=\frac{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{t}}-\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\mathrm{P}_{100}-\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{o}}} \times 100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

C = āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  (°C)

F = āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻšāĻžāχāϟ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  (°F)

K = āϕ⧇āϞāĻ­āĻŋāύ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  (K)

Po = āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āĻŦāϰāĻĢ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϰāĻĢ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ

P100 = 100°C āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ

t = āϏ⧇āϞāϏāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϏ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āϤāϰāϞ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž

T = āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž (K)

E = āϤāĻžāĻĒ āϤāĻžā§œāĻŋāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϞāĻ• āĻŦāϞ (V)

a āĻ“ b = āϤāĻžāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ—āϞ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻŦ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž (V/°C)

R0 = 0°C āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϰ⧋āϧ (Ί)

Rt = t°C āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϰ⧋āϧ (Ί)

R100 = 100°C āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϰ⧋āϧ (Ί)

Îą = āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻŦ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž

Vo = āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āĻŦāϰāĻĢ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ (m3)

V100 = āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻ—āϤ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ (m3)

V1 = t°C āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ (m3)

 

 

 

āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ•Â āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžÂ āĻ“Â āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύāσ

 

ā§§. āϕ⧋āύ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āϏ⧇āϞāϏāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϏ āĻ“ āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻšāĻžāχāϟ āωāϭ⧟ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ ?

 

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ:

 

C/5=(F-32)/9

⟹x/5=(x-32)/9

⟹9x=5x-160

∴x=-40°   [ans]

 

⧍. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϰāĻ—āĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž 107°F āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϞāϏāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϏ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āϐ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻ•āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇?

 

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ:

C/5=(F-32)/9

⟹C/5=(107-32)/9=75/9

∴C=41.7°C   [ans]

 

ā§Š. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāϰāĻĢ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ 5°C āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§€āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ 115°C āĨ¤ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž 50°C āĻšāϞ⧇ āϐ āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻ•āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇?

 

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ:

 

(x-xice)/(x100-xice)=(xʹ-xʹice)/(xʹ100-xʹice)                                 xʹice=5°C

            ⟹(50-0)/(100-0)=(xʹ-5)/(115-5)                                            xʹ100=115°C

            ⟹xʹ=110/2+5                                                                        x=50°C

            ∴xʹ=60°C  [ans]                                                                     xice=0°C                                                                                                                                               X100=100

                                                                                                xʹ=?

ā§Ē. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧈āϧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ 20Nm-2 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āĻŦāϰāĻĢ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ 14.3Nm-2 āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻŦāϰāĻĢ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻ•āϤ?

 

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ:

 

T=(273.16×x/xtr)K                                           x=14.3

              =(273.16×14.3/20)K                                     xtr=20

∴T=145.3K    [ans]

 

ā§Ģ. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āĻšāĻžāχāĻĄā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āϤāϰāϞ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§, āĻŦāϰāĻĢ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ 23.5cm, 75cm āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 102.4cm āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĻāϚāĻžāĻĒ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤ āϤāϰāϞ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻ•āϤ?

 

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ:

 

θ ={(PΘ-P0)/(P100-P0)} ×100                              PΘ=23.5cm

            ={(23.5-75)/(102.4-75) }×100                        P0­= 75cm

            ∴  θ  = -187.95°c         [ans]                                        P100=102.4cm

 

ā§Ŧ. 1āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŸā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž 50°C āĻšāϤ⧇ 30°C –āĻ āύāĻžāĻŽāϞ⧇ āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻšāĻžāχāϟ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻāχ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϤ?

 

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ:

 

āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ=4 θ/4t

                                       ={(50-30)/60}×9/5

                                       =0.6°Fs-1  [ans]

 

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